Top 50 Cyber Security Interview Questions and Answers (updated for 2018)
The interview process is tough, not only for the candidates but also for the interviewers. The process also depends on the position for which the hiring is done. For a replacement; the skills of the previous employee are taken as the benchmark. In case a team is getting expanded, the management knows the skills that they expect in the candidates. The interview process is tough because:
Not many experienced professionals are there who are willing for a job change
Interviewer expectations are always high from the candidates
The right candidates don’t fall in the budget cap.
Interviewers are usually interested in the candidates who have the necessary domain and technical knowledge unless they are hiring for a particular skill e.g. exploit development.
The Interview Process
Resume shortlisting
Basic HR questions
Interview level 1 (Tech)
Interview level 2 (Tech + Attitude)
Once the resume gets shortlisted, this gets followed by the basic HR call. This ensures that the resume is updated, the person is looking for a change and sometimes a basic set of questions about your experience and reason for change. The call will also ensure that whether your resume has been sent for the next level review. The next level can be over a telephonic call, face to face interview or over Skype. Level 1 will actually test your knowledge whereas level 2 will go for your experience and attitude towards work. So be prepared with the basics of information security, technical knowledge and your resume well versed along with a positive attitude.
Different levels - Cyber Security Interview Questions & Answers
Level 01 - Basic Questions
Level 02 - Learners (Experienced but still learning)
Level 03 - Master (Entered into a managerial position or sitting for one)
Level 04 - Grandmaster (Senior management roles)
Level 01 - Basic questions (Not to be messed up)
1. Explain risk, vulnerability and threat?
TIP: A good way to start this answer is by explaining vulnerability, and threat and then risk. Back this up with an easy to understand example.
Vulnerability (weakness) is a gap in the protection efforts of a system, a threat is an attacker who exploits that weakness. Risk is the measure of potential loss when that the vulnerability is exploited by the threat e.g. Default username and password for a server – An attacker can easily crack into this server and compromise it (Here's a resource that will navigate you through cyber security attacks).
2. What is the difference between Asymmetric and Symmetric encryption and which one is better?
TIP: Keep the answer simple as this is a vast topic.
Symmetric encryption uses the same key for both encryption and decryption, while Asymmetric encryption uses different keys for encryption and decryption.
Symmetric is usually much faster but the key needs to be transferred over an unencrypted channel.
Asymmetric on the other hand is more secure but slow. Hence, a hybrid approach should be preferred. Setting up a channel using asymmetric encryption and then sending the data using symmetric process.
3. What is an IPS and how does it differs from IDS?
IDS is an intrusion detection system whereas an IPS is an intrusion prevention system. IDS will just detect the intrusion and will leave the rest to the administrator for further action whereas an IPS will detect the intrusion and will take further action to prevent the intrusion. Another difference is the positioning of the devices in the network. Although they work on the same basic concept but the placement is different.
4. What is XSS, how will you mitigate it?
Cross site scripting is a JavaScript vulnerability in the web applications. The easiest way to explain this is a case when a user enters a script in the client side input fields and that input gets processed without getting validated. This leads to untrusted data getting saved and executed on the client side.
Countermeasures of XSS are input validation, implementing a CSP (Content security policy) etc (Also consider checking out this career guide for cissp certification).
TIP: Know the different types of XSS and how the countermeasures work.
5. What is the difference between encryption and hashing?
TIP: Keep the answer short and straight.
Point 1: Encryption is reversible whereas hashing is irreversible. Hashing can be cracked using rainbow tables and collision attacks but is not reversible.
Point 2: Encryption ensures confidentiality whereas hashing ensures Integrity.
6. Are you a coder/developer or know any coding languages?
TIP: You are not expected to be a PRO; understanding of the language will do the job.
Although this is not something an information security guy is expected to know but the knowledge of HTML, JavaScript and Python can be of great advantage. HTML and JavaScript can be used in web application attacks whereas python can be used to automate tasks, exploit development etc. A little knowledge of the three can be of great advantage - both in the interview and on the floor.
7. What is CSRF?
Cross Site Request Forgery is a web application vulnerability in which the server does not check whether the request came from a trusted client or not. The request is just processed directly. It can be further followed by the ways to detect this, examples and countermeasures.
8. What is a Security Misconfiguration?
Security misconfiguration is a vulnerability when a device/application/network is configured in a way which can be exploited by an attacker to take advantage of it. This can be as simple as leaving the default username/password unchanged or too simple for device accounts etc.
9. What is a Black hat, white hat and Grey hat hacker?
TIP: Keep the answer simple.
Black hat hackers are those who hack without authority. White hat hackers are authorised to perform a hacking attempt under signed NDA. Grey hat hackers are white hat hackers which sometimes perform unauthorised activities.
10. What is a firewall?
TIP: Be simple with the answer, as this can get complex and lead to looped questions.
A firewall is a device that allows/blocks traffic as per defined set of rules. These are placed on the boundary of trusted and untrusted networks.
11. How do you keep yourself updated with the information security news?
TIP: Just in case you haven't followed any: the hacker news, ThreatPost, Pentest mag etc.
Be sure to check and follow a few security forums so that you get regular updates on what is happening in the market and about the latest trends and incidents.
12. The world has recently been hit by ……. Attack/virus etc. What have you done to protect your organisation as a security professional?
Different organisations work in different ways, the ways to handle incident is different for all. Some take this seriously and some not. The answer to this should be the process to handle an incident. Align this with one you had and go on… just don’t exaggerate.
13. CIA triangle?
Confidentiality: Keeping the information secret.
Integrity: Keeping the information unaltered.
Availability: Information is available to the authorised parties at all times.
14. HIDS vs NIDS and which one is better and why?
HIDS is host intrusion detection system and NIDS is network intrusion detection system. Both the systems work on the similar lines. It’s just that the placement in different. HIDS is placed on each host whereas NIDS is placed in the network. For an enterprise, NIDS is preferred as HIDS is difficult to manage, plus it consumes processing power of the host as well.
Level 02 - Learners (Experienced but still learning)
15. What is port scanning?
Port scanning is process of sending messages in order to gather information about network, system etc. by analysing the response received.
16. What is the difference between VA and PT?
Vulnerability Assessment is an approach used to find flaws in an application/network whereas Penetration testing is the practice of finding exploitable vulnerabilities like a real attacker will do. VA is like travelling on the surface whereas PT is digging it for gold.
17. What are the objects that should be included in a good penetration testing report?
A VAPT report should have an executive summary explaining the observations on a high level along with the scope, period of testing etc. This can be followed by no of observations, category wise split into high, medium and low. Also include detailed observation along with replication steps, screenshots of proof of concept along with the remediation.
18. What is compliance?
Abiding by a set of standards set by a government/Independent party/organisation. E.g. An industry which stores, processes or transmits Payment related information needs to be complied with PCI DSS (Payment card Industry Data Security Standard). Other compliance examples can be an organisation complying with its own policies.
19. Tell us about your Personal achievements or certifications?
Keep this simple and relevant, getting a security certification can be one personal achievement. Explain how it started and what kept you motivated. How you feel now and what are your next steps.
20. Various response codes from a web application?
1xx - Informational responses
2xx - Success
3xx - Redirection
4xx - Client side error
5xx - Server side error
21. When do you use tracert/traceroute?
In case you can’t ping the final destination, tracert will help to identify where the connection stops or gets broken, whether it is firewall, ISP, router etc.
22. DDoS and its mitigation?
DDoS stands for distributed denial of service. When a network/server/application is flooded with large number of requests which it is not designed to handle making the server unavailable to the legitimate requests. The requests can come from different not related sources hence it is a distributed denial of service attack. It can be mitigated by analysing and filtering the traffic in the scrubbing centres. The scrubbing centres are centralized data cleansing station wherein the traffic to a website is analysed and the malicious traffic is removed.
23. What is a WAF and what are its types?
TIP: This topic is usually not asked in detail.
WAF stands for web application firewall. It is used to protect the application by filtering legitimate traffic from malicious traffic. WAF can be either a box type or cloud based.
24. Explain the objects of Basic web architecture?
TIP: Different organisations follow different models and networks. BE GENERIC.
A basic web architecture should contain a front ending server, a web application server, a database server.
Level 03 - Master (Entered into a managerial position or sitting for one)
25. How often should Patch management be performed?
Patch should be managed as soon as it gets released. For windows – patches released every second Tuesday of the month by Microsoft. It should be applied to all machines not later than 1 month. Same is for network devices, patch as soon as it gets released. Follow a proper patch management process.
26. How do you govern various security objects?
Various security objects are governed with the help of KPI (Key Performance Indicators). Let us take the example of windows patch, agreed KPI can be 99%. It means that 99% of the PCs will have the latest or last month’s patch. On similar lines various security objects can be managed.
27. How does a Process Audit go?
The first thing to do is to identify the scope of the audit followed by a document of the process. Study the document carefully and then identify the areas which you consider are weak. The company might have compensatory controls in place. Verify they are enough.
28. What is the difference between policies, processes and guidelines?
As security policy defines the security objectives and the security framework of an organisation. A process is a detailed step by step how to document that specifies the exact action which will be necessary to implement important security mechanism. Guidelines are recommendations which can be customised and used in the creation of procedures.
29. How do you handle AntiVirus alerts?
Check the policy for the AV and then the alert. If the alert is for a legitimate file then it can be whitelisted and if this is malicious file then it can be quarantined/deleted. The hash of the file can be checked for reputation on various websites like virustotal, malwares.com etc. AV needs to be fine-tuned so that the alerts can be reduced.
30. What is a false positive and false negative in case of IDS?
When the device generated an alert for an intrusion which has actually not happened: this is false positive and if the device has not generated any alert and the intrusion has actually happened, this is the case of a false negative.
31. Which one is more acceptable?
False positives are more acceptable. False negatives will lead to intrusions happening without getting noticed.
32. Software testing vs. penetration testing?
Software testing just focuses on the functionality of the software and not the security aspect. A penetration testing will help identify and address the security vulnerabilities.
33. What are your thoughts about Blue team and red team?
Red team is the attacker and blue team the defender. Being on the red team seems fun but being in the blue team is difficult as you need to understand the attacks and methodologies the red team may follow.
34. What is you preferred - Bug bounty or security testing?
Both are fine, just support your answer like Bug Bounty is decentralised, can identify rare bugs, large pool of testers etc.
35. Tell us about your Professional achievements/major projects?
This can be anything like setting up your own team and processes or a security practice you have implemented. Even if the achievement is not from a security domain just express it well.
36. 2 quick points on Web server hardening?
TIP: This is a strong topic, get over with the exact answer and carry on the conversation over the lines.
Web server hardening is filtering of unnecessary services running on various ports and removal of default test scripts from the servers. Although web server hardening is a lot more than this and usually organisations have a customised checklist for hardening the servers. Any server getting created has to be hardened and hardening has to be re-confirmed on a yearly basis. Even the hardening checklist has to be reviewed on a yearly basis for new add-ons.
37. What is data leakage? How will you detect and prevent it?
Data leak is when data gets out of the organisation in an unauthorised way. Data can get leaked through various ways – emails, prints, laptops getting lost, unauthorised upload of data to public portals, removable drives, photographs etc. There are various controls which can be placed to ensure that the data does not get leaked, a few controls can be restricting upload on internet websites, following an internal encryption solution, restricting the mails to internal network, restriction on printing confidential data etc.
Level 04 - Grandmaster (Senior management roles)
38. What are the different levels of data classification and why are they required?
Data needs to be segregated into various categories so that its severity can be defined, without this segregation a piece of information can be critical for one but not so critical for others. There can be various levels of data classification depending on organisation to organisation, in broader terms data can be classified into:
Top secret – Its leakage can cause drastic effect to the organisation, e.g. trade secrets etc.
Confidential – Internal to the company e.g. policy and processes.
Public – Publically available, like newsletters etc.
39. In a situation where a user needs admin rights on his system to do daily tasks, what should be done – should admin access be granted or restricted?
Users are usually not provided with admin access to reduce the risk, but in certain cases the users can be granted admin access. Just ensure that the users understand their responsibility. In case any incident happens, the access should be provided for only limited time post senior management approval and a valid business justification.
40. What are your views on usage of social media in office?
TIP: Keep an open mind with these kinds of questions.
Social media is acceptable, just ensure content filtering is enabled and uploading features are restricted. Read only mode is acceptable till the time it does not interfere with work.
41. What are the various ways by which the employees are made aware about information security policies and procedures?
There can be various ways in which this can be done:
Employees should undergo mandatory information security training post joining the organisation. This should also be done on yearly basis, and this can be either a classroom session followed by a quiz or an online training.
Sending out notifications on regular basis in the form of slides, one pagers etc. to ensure that the employees are kept aware.
42. In a situation where both Open source software and licensed software are available to get the job done. What should be preferred and why?
TIP: Think from a security perspective and not from the functionality point.
For an enterprise, it is better to go for the licensed version of the software as most of the software have an agreement clause that the software should be used for individual usage and not for commercial purpose. Plus, the licensed version is updated and easy to track in an organisation. It also helps the clients develop a confidence on the organisations’ software and practices.
43. When should a security policy be revised?
There is no fixed time for reviewing the security policy but all this should be done at least once a year. Any changes made should be documented in the revision history of the document and versioning. In case there are any major changes the changes need to be notified to the users as well.
44. What all should be included in a CEO level report from a security standpoint?
A CEO level report should have not more than 2 pages:
A summarised picture of the state of security structure of the organisation.
Quantified risk and ALE (Annual Loss Expectancy) results along with countermeasures.
45. How do you report risks?
Risk can be reported but it needs to be assessed first. Risk assessment can be done in 2 ways: Quantitative analysis and qualitative analysis. This approach will cater to both technical and business guys. The business guy can see probable loss in numbers whereas the technical guys will see the impact and frequency. Depending on the audience, the risk can be assessed and reported.
46. What is an incident and how do you manage it?
Any event which leads to compromise of the security of an organisation is an incident. The incident process goes like this:
Identification of the Incident
Logging it (Details)
Investigation and root cause analysis (RCA)
Escalation or keeping the senior management/parties informed
Remediation steps
Closure report.
47. Is social media secure?
TIP: This is another debatable question but be generic.
Not sure if the data is secure or not but users can take steps from their end to ensure safety.
Connect with trusted people
Do not post/upload confidential information
Never use the same username password for all accounts
48. Chain of custody?
For legal cases the data/device (evidence) needs to be integrated, hence any access needs to be documented – who, what when and why. Compromise in this process can cause legal issues for the parties involved.
49. How should data archives be maintained?
Gone are the times when there used to be files and cabinets which held data over the years. This phase was long followed by archiving data over magnetic tapes and storing the tapes. There is another overhead for the maintenance and safety of the tapes. These are few conventional approaches, but the world is slightly moving to the cloud storage architecture. The only hurdle is the data privacy. Companies are not very sure about handing the critical data. This will actually take time but securely configured and managed cloud can be one of the best options.
50. What are your thoughts on BYOD?
There is no correct answer for this but just ensure that whatever side you are on, justify it with examples, scenarios and logic.
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Although there is no defined scope and end to the questions, but having a strong foundation of the basic concepts and awareness about the latest trends will give you an upper hand in the interview.
TIP:
BACKUP your answers with examples wherever possible.
Provide DETAILS, this will leave less chance for the interviewer to dig into details.
BE PRECISE in what you say, LISTEN carefully, THINK and ANSWER.
BE CONFIDENT with what you speak.
MAINTAIN a good posture.
BE AWARE about the security news, recent incidents, attacks etc.
Remember the question and answer accordingly, DO NOT get deviated from the topic.
Most importantly “KEEP A POSITIVE ATTITUDE” even if the interview is not going as you expected.
Sometimes it is kept that way to check the attitude.
Not to miss, to be in a top shape for your cybersecurity interview being a certified ethical hacker is an essential hiring criterion.
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